Câu bị động – PASSIVE VOICE là một phần kiến thức ngữ pháp quan trọng mà các bạn cần nắm vững để đa dạng cách viết/ nói/ đọc khi bước vào ôn luyện cho kỳ thi tiếng anh hoặc IELTS.
Trong bài viết hôm nay, chúng tôi sẽ chia sẻ với các bạn về cấu trúc, cách dùng cũng như cách tránh những lỗi thường gặp về Câu bị động (Passive voice).
Câu bị động (Passive Voice) là câu mà chủ ngữ là người hay vật chịu tác động của hành động, để nhấn mạnh đến đối tượng chịu tác động của hành động đó. Thì của câu bị động phải tuân theo thì của câu chủ động.
Đối với thể bị động, chủ ngữ trong câu là người, vật nhận hành động hoặc chịu tác động của hành động.
| Công thức thể bị động: tobe + V3 / V_ed |
Ví dụ:
A dog bit my husband. → My husband was bitten by a dog.
(Con chó cắn chồng tôi. → Chồng tôi bị con chó cắn)
Câu bị động trong tiếng Anh được sử dụng với mục đích nhấn mạnh vào hành động xảy ra và đối tượng chịu tác động của hành động đó. Ngược lại, đối tượng hay tác nhân thực hiện hành động lúc này chưa được xác định rõ hoặc không còn quan trọng và do vậy có thể bị lược bỏ.
Ví dụ:
My motorbike was upgraded last night
(Chiếc xe máy của tôi được nâng cấp vào tối hôm qua)
Trong câu trên, sự việc chiếc xe bị đánh cắp được nhấn mạnh, còn đối tượng đánh cắp nó là ai thì không rõ hoặc không quan trọng.
Ở thể bị động, động từ (V) luôn được đưa về ở dạng phân từ 2 (quá khứ phân từ), động từ tobe được chia theo thì của động từ chính ở câu chủ động.
Nhìn chung, việc chuyển đổi thể câu từ chủ động sang bị động có thể được thực hiện qua các bước sau:
Cách chuyển từ chủu động sang bị động
Câu bị động là một trong những điểm ngữ pháp khó trong tiếng anh, đặc biệt có rất nhiều trường hợp khác nhau. Để có thể nắm rõ được không có cách nào khác là làm bài tập thật nhiều.
| Thì (Tense) | Chủ động (Active) | Bị động (Passive voice) |
| Hiện tại đơn | S + V + O My brother often collects stamps. | → S + be + V3 (+ by Sb/O) Stamps are often collected by my brother. |
| Hiện tại tiếp diễn | S + am/ is/are + V_ing + O She is drawing a picture. | → S + am/ is/are + being + V3 (+ by Sb/O) A picture is being drawn by her. |
| Hiện tại hoàn thành | S + have/has + V3 + O They have built this house for 3 years. | → S + have/has + been + V3 (+ by Sb/ O) This house has been built for 3 years by them. |
| Thì (Tense) | Chủ động (Active) | Bị động (Passive voice) |
| Quá khứ đơn | S + V_ed + O She cooked this dish yesterday. | → S + was/ were + V3 (+ by Sb/O) This dish was cooked yesterday by her. |
| Quá khứ tiếp diễn | S + was/ were + V_ing + O Yesterday morning she was cutting the grass. | → S + was/ were + being + V3 (+ by Sb/O) The grass was being cut by her yesterday morning. |
| Quá khứ hoàn thành | S + had + V3 + O I had done all of my homework by 8PM yesterday. | → S + had + been + V3 (+ by Sb/O) All of my homework had been done by me by 8PM yesterday. |
| Thì (Tense) | Chủ động (Active) | Bị động (Passive voice) |
| Tương lai đơn | S + will V + O I will feed the dogs. | → S + will be + V3 (+ by Sb/O) The dogs will be fed. |
| Tương lai gần | S + is/ am/ are going to + V inf + O We are going to hold a party this year. | → S + is/ am/ are going to BE + V inf (by O) A party is going to be held this year by us. |
| Tương lai tiếp diễn | S + will be + V_ing + O I will be washing dishes this time tomorrow. | → S + will be + being + V3 (+ by Sb/O) Dishes will be being washed by me this time tomorrow. |
| Tương lai hoàn thành | S + will have + V3 + O They will have completed the task by the end of January. | → S + will have + been + V3 (+ by Sb/ O) The task will have been completed by the end of January. |
Riêng với động từ khuyết thiếu, công thức của câu bị động có sự khác biệt một chút:
| S + modal verb + be + V3 (+ by O) |
Ví dụ:
Teenager should not drive too fast.
(Trẻ em vị thành niên không nên lái xe quá nhanh)
→ Fast food should not be eaten too much by children.
(Thức ăn nhanh không nên được ăn quá nhiều bởi trẻ em.)
Ngoài ra, đối với một số động từ mà theo sau đó là 1 động từ bổ trợ khác ở dạng thức “To V” hoặc “V-ing”, khi đưa về thể bị động sẽ được chia lần lượt là “to be V3/PP” và “being V3/ PP”
| Câu chủ động | Câu bị động | Câu chủ động | Câu bị động |
| Want to_V | → Want to be p.p | Avoid V-ing | → Avoid being pp |
| Need to_V | → Need to be p.p | Prevent … from V-ing | → Prevent … from being pp |
| Ví dụ: I want to be taken care of by my mom. This car needs to be repaired. | Ví dụ: She avoid being complained by customers. The government should prevent animals from being killed |
Câu bị động với các động từ có 2 tân ngữ như: give, lend, send, show, buy, make, get,… thì ta sẽ có 2 câu bị động
Ví dụ:
He sends his relative a letter.
→ His relative was sent a letter.
→ A letter was sent to his relative
Động từ tường thuật: assume, think, consider, know, believe, say, suppose, suspect, rumour, declare, feel, find, know, report,…
S: Chủ ngữ – S’: Chủ ngữ bị động
O: Tân ngữ – O’: Tân ngữ bị động
| S + V + that + S’ + V’ + O … → Cách 1: S + be + V_ed/V3 + to V’→ Cách 2: It + be + V_ed/V3 + that + S’ + V’ |
Ví dụ:
People say that Huni is very rich.
→ Huni is said to be very rich.
→ It’s said that Huni is very rich.
| S + have + Sb + V + O … → S + have + O + V3/V_ed + (by Sb) |
Ví dụ:
Mary has her daughter buy a dog.
→ Mary has a dog bought by her daughter.
| S + make … + Sb + V + O … → Sb + be + made + to V + O … |
Ví dụ:
Doraemon makes the hairdresser cut his hair.
→ His hair is made to cut by the hairdresser.
| S + get + Sb + to V + O… → S + get + O + to be + V3/V_ed (by sb) |
Ví dụ:
Tina gets her husband to clean the kitchen for her.
→ Tina gets the kitchen cleaned by her husband.
| Do/does + S + V-infi + O …? → Am/ is/ are + S’ + V3/V_ed + (by O)? |
Ví dụ:
Do you clean your bedroom?
→ Is your bedroom cleaned (by you)?
| Did + S + V-infi + O…? → Was/were + S’ + V3/V_ed + by + …? |
Ví dụ:
Can you bring your pen to my desk?
→ Can your pen be brought to my desk?
| Modal verbs + S + V-infi + O + …? → Modal verbs + S’ + be + V3/V_ed + by + O’? |
Ví dụ:
Can you move the chair?
→ Can the chair be moved?
| Have/has/had + S + Ved/P2 + O + …? → Have/ has/ had + S’ + been + V3/V_ed + by + O’? |
Ví dụ:
Has she done her housework?
→ Has her housework been done (by her)?
Ví dụ:
People think she bought the flower in the supermarket.
→ It is thought that she bought the flower in the supermarket.
→ She is thought to have bought the flower in the supermarket.
Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra bị 1 hành động khác xen vào hoặc việc ai đó chứng kiến người khác làm gì và chỉ thấy 1 phần của hành động.
| S + be + V3/V_ed + Sb + V_ing (nhìn/ xem/ nghe… ai đó đang làm gì) |
Ví dụ:
He watched them playing volleyball.
→ They were watched playing volleyball.
Ai đó chứng kiến người khác làm gì từ đầu đến cuối.
| S + be + V3/V_ed + Sb + V (nhìn/ xem/ nghe… ai đó làm gì) |
Ví dụ:
I heard her cry.
→ She was heard to cry.
| Khẳng định: V + O | → Let + O + be + V3/V_ed |
| Phủ định: Don’t + V + O | → Don’t let + O + be + V3/V_ed |
Ví dụ:
Do the work!
→ Let the work be done!
Don’t leave her alone!
→ Don’t let her be left alone!
EXERCISE 1: Choose the correct answer.
1. An old woman feeds the pigeons.
The pigeons ________________________
A. are fed
B. were fed by an old woman.
2. A burglar broke the window.
The window _____________________
A. was broken
B. is broken by a burglar.
3. Someone has made a mistake.
A mistake _______________________
A. was made
B. has been made .
4. Everyone is going to love her.
She _____________________________
A. is going to be loved
B. was going to be loved by everyone.
5. Cervantes wrote ‘Don Quixote’.
‘Don Quixote’ _______________________
A. was written by Cervantes.
B. has been written by Cervantes.
6. She is helping my sister.
My sister ________________
A. is helped
B. is being helped by her.
7. Pamela will drive the bus.
The bus ____________________
A. will been driven
B. will be driven by Pamela.
8. I was watering the plants.
The plants ___________________
A. were being watered
B. are being watered by me.
Đáp án
1 – A; 2 – A; 3 – B; 4 – A;
5 – A; 6 – B; 7 – B; 8 – A;
EXERCISE 2: Sắp xếp từ thành câu hoàn chỉnh
Đáp án
1 – The door has been opened.
2 – Walking on the grass is prohibited.
3 – Breakfast is served at 8.30.
4 – English is spoken in that shop.
5 – The flowers were watered this morning.
6 – The meat has been stolen by your cat!
7- Your hair is being brushed.
8 – The children will be punished if they are naughty.
9 – our car is not repaired yet.
10 – I am happy because that awful cake has been eaten!
EXERCISE 3: Chuyển các câu sau sang bị động
1. My father waters this flower every morning.
2. John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night.
3. Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen.
4. We should clean our teeth twice a day.
5. Our teachers have explained the English grammar.
6. Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city.
7. Tom will visit his parents next month.
8. The manager didn’t phone the secretary this morning.
9. Did Mary buy this beautiful dress?
10. I won’t hang these old pictures in the living room.
11. The German didn’t build this factory during the Second World War.
12. The Greens are going to paint this house and these cars for Christmas Day.
13. Ann had fed the cats before she went to the cinema.
14. The students have discussed the pollution problems since last week.
15. Have the thieves stolen the most valuable painting in the national museum?
16. Some people will interview the new president on TV.
17. How many languages do they speak in Canada?
18. Are you going to repair those shoes?
19. He has broken his nose in a football match.
20. Have you finished the above sentences?
21. When will you do the work?
22. How are you going to deal with this problem?
23. How do you spend this amount of money?
24. I wonder whether the board of directors will choose Susan or Jane for the position.
25. How did the police find the lost man?
Chia dạng đúng ở thể bị động
26. A bottle was ________ (throw) outsides last night by him.
27. This fan has already ________ (fix) by my father.
28. Now, a test ________ (do) by him to prepare for his exam.
29. Finally, the key ________ (find).
30. They were very worried that the work would not ________(finish).
Cho dạng đúng của các động từ sau đây (có thể là chủ động hoặc bị động) để tạo thành một bài IELTS Writing Task 1 hoàn chỉnh.
The first diagram (31-illustrate)____________the process of cement manufacture, and the second diagram (32-show)_____________ the materials that go into the production of concrete.
It is clear that there are five stages in the production of cement, beginning with the input of raw materials and ending with bags of the finished product. To produce concrete, four different materials (33-mix)______________ together.
At the first stage in the production of cement, limestone and clay (34-crush)____________ to form a powder. This powder then (35-mix)______________ before it passes into a rotating heater. After heating, the resulting mixture (36-grind)_______________, and cement (37-produce)______________. Finally, the cement (38-package)_______________in large bags.
Cement is one of the four raw materials that (39-use)_______________ in the production of concrete, along with gravel, sand and water. To be exact, concrete (40-consist)_______________ of 50% gravel, 25% sand, 15% cement and 10% water. All four materials are blended together in a rotating machine called a concrete mixer.
Đáp án
1. This flower is watered (by my father) every morning.
2. Fiona was invented to John’s birthday party last night.
3. The dinner is being prepared (by her mother) in the kitchen.
4. Our teeth should be cleaned twice a day.
5. The English grammar has been explained (by our teacher).
6. The accident was caused in this city (by some drunk drivers).
7. Tom’s parents will be visited (by him) next month.
8. The secretary wasn’t phoned (by the manager) this morning.
9. Was this beautiful dress bought by Mary?
10. These old pictures won’t be hung in the living room (by me).
11. This factory wasn’t built (by the Greens) during the Second World War.
12. This house and these cars are going to be painted for Chrismas day by the Greens.
13. The cats had been fed (by Ann) before she went to the cinema.
14. The pollution problems have been discussed (by the students) since last week.
15. Has the most valuable painting in the national museum been stloen (by the thieves).
16. The new president will be interviewed on TV (by some people).
17. How many languages are spoken in Canada(by them)?
18. Are those shoes going to be repaired?
19. His nose has been broken in a football match(by him).
20. Have above sentences been finished?
21. When will the work be done?
22. How is this problem going to be dealt with?
23. How is this amount of money spent?
24. I wonder whether Susan or Jane will be chosen for the position by the board of directors.
25. How was the lost man found by the police?
26. A bottle was ___thrown_____ (throw) outsides last night by him.
27. This fan has already ___been fixed_____ (fix) by my father.
28. Now, a test ____is done____ (do) by him to prepare for his exam.
29. Finally, the key ____has been found____ (find).
30. They were very worried that the work would not _____be finished___(finish).
31. illustrates
32. shows
33. are mixed
34. are crushed
35. is then mixed
36. is ground
37. is produced
38. is packaged
39. are used
40. consists
EXERCISE 4: Chuyển các câu sau sang bị động
1. The waiter brings me this dish.
2. Our friends send these postcards to us.
3. Their grandmother told them this story when they visited her last week.
4. Tim ordered this train ticket for his mother.
5. You didn’t show me the special cameras.
6. She showed her ticket to the airline agent.
7. He lends his friend his new shoes.
8. She left her relatives five million pounds.
9. The shop assistant handed these boxes to the customer.
10. The board awarded the first prize to the reporter.
11. Have you sent the Christmas cards to your family?
12. The committee appointed Alice secretary for the meeting.
13. He hides the broken cup in the drawer.
14. They keep this room tidy all the time.
15. They all voted the party a great success.
16. We gave Ann some bananas and some flowers.
17. They moved the fridge into the living room.
18. She bought some cups of tea to the visitors in the next room.
19. They find the new project worthless.
20. The secretary didn’t take the note to the manager.
Đáp án
1. This dish is brought to me (by the waiter).
2. These postcards are sent to us(by our friend).
3. This story was told to them(by their grandmother) when they visited her last week.
4. This train ticket was ordered for Tim’s mother.
5. The special cameras weren’t showed to me.
6. Her ticket was showed to the airline agent(by her).
7. His new shoes are lent to his friends(by him).
8. Five million pounds was left to her relatives (by her).
9. These boxes were handed to the customer (by the shop assistant).
10. The first prize was awarded to the reporter (by the board).
11. Have the christmas cards been sent to your family?
12. Alice was appointed secretary for the meeting(by the committee).
13. The broken cup is hidden in the drawer (by him).
14. This room is kept tidy (by them) all the time.
15. The party was voted a great success(by them).
16. Ann was given some bananas and some flowers(by us).
17. The fridge was moved into the living room(by them).
18. Some cups of tea were brought to the visitors in the next room (by her).
19. The new project is found worthless.
20. The note wasn’t taken to the manager(by the secretary).
Trên đây là bài học về câu bị động – ngữ pháp quan trọng trong IELTS. Nếu còn bất cứ thắc mắc nào thì hãy inbox để được hỗ trợ nhé.